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Sample at the source and at each critical process boundary using lab-prescribed containers and preservation. Include a baseline round plus your worst-case seasonal or batch conditions. A single grab sample from a mild period will not show what the system has to handle.

• Intake, pretreatment outlet, concentrate, and any blend point
• Field pH, temperature, ORP, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved gases at the time of sampling
• Dissolved, total, or reactive fraction labeled for metals, silica, and phosphate

The panel that lets us check charge balance and the alkalinity, pH, and inorganic carbon relationship before we act on the data. An inconsistent result gets flagged and re-tested, not designed around.

• pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS, alkalinity, hardness
• Turbidity, TSS, and SDI15
• Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate and carbonate, nitrate
• Reactive silica, barium, strontium, iron, manganese, aluminum
• TOC and COD or BOD where relevant

Scaling risk is set by counter-ions, pH, recovery, temperature, and concentrate chemistry, not by TDS. Fouling risk is evaluated separately.

• Barium and strontium, often missing from a standard panel, can control sulfate scale at trace levels
• Turbidity, TSS, and SDI15 each capture a different particle behavior, so we ask for all three
• Organic and biological indicators where colloidal or biofouling is a concern

For saline waters the core panel is extended, and some sources call for further parameters. Which of these apply depends on your process, not a fixed checklist.

• Salinity, density, boron, and bromide for seawater and brines
• Phosphate, fluoride, ammonium, sulfide, and dissolved gases
• Oil and grease, algae or chlorophyll-a, ATP or AOC
• Particle size distribution, total and dissolved metals, chlorine or ORP